The branch of science which deals with the quantitative relationship between heat and other forms of energies is called thermodynamics. Some Important Terms Related to Thermodynamics (i) System It refers to the part of universe in...

Chemical Bond It is defined as the attractive forces which hold the various chemical constituents (atoms, ions, etc.) together in different chemical species. Bond forms to get the stability. with a release of energy. Kossel-Lewis Approach...

Hitherto five states of matter are known, viz, solid, liquid, gas, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. Out of these solid, liquid and gas are commonly found while remaining two are found only under specific conditions. Interconversion of States...

Classification of Elements With the discovery of a large number of elements, it became difficult to study the elements individually, so classification of elements was done to make the study easier. Earlier Attempts to Classify Elements Many...

Atom John Dalton proposed (in 1808) that atom is the smallest indivisible particle of matter. Atomic radii are of the order of 10-8cm. It contain three subatomic particles namely electrons, protons and neutrons, Electron Electron was...

Chemistry It is the branch of science which deals with the composition, structure and properties of matter. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier is called the father of chemistry. Branches of Chemistry In addition to these biochemistry, war...

Displacement Current It is a current which produces in the region in which the electric field and hence the electric flux changes with time. Displacement current, ID = εo . dφE / dt where, φE is the...

It is the branch of science which deals with the electron flow through a vacuum, gas or semiconductor. Classification of substances on the basis of conduction of electricity. Solid We know that, each substance is composed of atoms....

Nucleus The entire positive charge and nearly the entire mass of atom is concentrated in a very small space called the nucleus of an atom. The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons. They are called nucleons. Terms Related to...

Dalton’s Atomic Theory All elements are consists of very small invisible particles, called atoms. Atoms of same element are exactly same and atoms of different element are different. Thomson’s Atomic Model Every atom is...

Cathode Rays Cathode rays are the stream of fast moving electrons. These rays are produced in a discharge tube at a pressure below 0.01 rom of mercury. Properties of Cathode Rays (i) Cathode rays are not electromagnetic rays. (ii)...

Wave optics describes the connection between waves and rays of light. According to wave theory of light, the light is a form of energy which travels through a medium in the form of transverse wave motion. The speed of light in a medium depends upon...

Light Light is a form of energy eyes. which produces the Sources of light are of three types-thermal sources and luminescent sources. Photometry is a branch measurement of light energy. Characteristics of Light Light waves...

Transient Current An electric current which vary for a small finite time, while growing from zero to maximum or decaying from maximum to zero, is called a transient current. Growth of Current in an Inductor Growth of current in an inductor...

Whenever the magnetic flux linked with an electric circuit changes, an emf is induced in the circuit. This phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction. Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction (i) Whenever the magnetic flux...

The property of any object by virtue of which it can attract a piece of iron or steel is called magnetism. Natural Magnet A natural magnet is an ore of iron (Fe3O4), which attracts small pieces of iron, cobalt and nickel towards...

Oersted’s Experiment A magnetic field is produced in the surrounding of any current carrying conductor. The direction of this magnetic field can be obtained by Ampere’s swimming rule. SI unit of magnetic field is Wm-2 or T...

Heating Effects of Current When current 1 flows through a conductor of resistance R for a time t then heat generated in it is given by where, V = potential difference applied across the end, of the conductor. Electric Power The...