NCERT Class 12 Biology Notes :
1. Reproduction in Organism
2. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
3. Human Reproduction
4. Reproductive Health
5. Principles of Inheritance and Variation
6. Molecular Basis of Inheritance
7. Evolution
8....
NCERT Class 11 Biology Notes :
1.The Living World
2. Biological Classification
3. Plant Kingdom
4. Animal Kingdom
5. Morphology of Flowering Plants
6. Anatomy of Flowering Plants
7. Structural Organisation in Animals
8. Cell The Unit of...
1. Production of Sound
Sound is produced due to the vibration of objects. Vibration is the rapid to and fro motion of an object.
Vibrating objects are the source of all sounds Irregular, chaotic vibrations produce noise Regular, controlled...
WORK AND ENERGY
1.Work Done By A Constant Force
• Work is a scalar quantity equal to the product of the displacement x and the component of the force Fx in the direction of the displacement..
• Work is defined as a force...
1 Motion (Uniform Motion And Non Uniform Motion, Acceleration and Velocity)
• A particle is a point-like object, has mass but infinitesimal size
• The object’s position is its location with respect to a chosen reference...
1. Each organism is different from all other organisms.
2. In this activity, we decide which characteristics (we can run, but the Banyan tree can’t run is a characteristic) are important in forming the...
1. Tissue is a group of cells having similar origin, structure& function. Study of tissues is called Histology
2. In unicellular organism (Amoeba) single cell performs all basic functions, whereas in multi-cellular...
1. All the living organisms are made up of fundamental unit of life called” cell”.
2. The cell is a Latin word for “a little room”.
3. The scientist Robert Hooke saw a little room in the cork (the bark of a tree)...
Contribution to the Atomic theory Timeline
• More than 2400 years ago, he named the smallest piece of matter “ATOMOS ,” meaning “not to be cut.” To Democritus,
• Atoms were small, hard particles that were...
1.Laws of Chemical Combination
Verification of “Law of Conservation of mass”
A solution of sodium chloride and silver nitrate are taken separately in the two limbs of an 'H' shaped tube.
The tube is sealed and...
Particle Nature of Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass and is felt by senses is called matter. Matter is the form of five basic elements the Panch tatva – air , earth ,fire , sky and water.
Characteristics of particles of...
Medicines or Drugs
Chemicals which may be used for the treatment of diseases and for reducing the suffering from pain are called medicines or drugs.
The branch of science which makes use of chemicals for the treatment of disseases [therapeutic...
Biomolecules are the organic compounds which form the basis of life, i.e., they build up the living system and responsible for their growth and maintenance.
The sequence that relates biomolecules to living organism is
Biomolecules →...
The word polymer has a Greek origin. which means many units (parts). Polymer is defined as a chemical substance of a high molecular mass formed by the combination of a large number of simple molecules, called monomers....
Amines constitute an important class of organic compounds derived by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms ofNH 3 molecule by alkyl/aryl group(s).
In the IUPAC system, the amines are regarded as alkanamines, e.g.,
Structure
The...
In aldehydes, the carbonyl group ( )C=O) is bonded to carbon and hydrogen, while in the ketones, it is bonded to two carbon atoms
Nature of Carbonyl Group
The carbon and oxygen of the carbonyl group are Sp2 hybridised and the carbonyl...
Alcohols and Phenols
Alcohols and phenols are formed when a hydrogen atom in hydrocarbon, aliphatic and aromatic respectively, is replaced by hydroxyl group (-OR group).
Classification of Alcohols and Phenols
In alcohols, -OR group is...
The replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in hydrocarbon, aliphatic or aromatic, by halogen atom(s) results in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl halide (haloarene), respectively.
Classification of Halogen Derivatives
On the basis...