Magmatism and Tectonics Inter-relationship between Tectonic Settings and Igneous Rock Suites Introduction Magmatism and tectonics are closely interrelated processes reflecting the thermal and dynamic state of the Earth’s interior....

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CONCEPT OF DETAILED STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Experience has demonstrated that in mountain belts and other deformed regions throughout the world geologic structures and structural systems are marked by a high degree of geometric order, that the...

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Magmatic Evolution and Differentiation: Fractional Crystallization --- ## **Magmatic Evolution** * The process by which a **parent magma** changes its composition during cooling, crystallization, and interaction with rocks. * Leads to the...

Magma – Nature, Types, Composition and Generation --- ## **Nature of Magma** * Magma is a **naturally occurring molten rock material**, generated within the Earth’s crust or upper mantle. * It is a **complex, multicomponent...

Concept of Stress and Strain Stress * Stress is the **force per unit area** acting on a rock body. * Formula: sigma ={F}/{A}     where $F$ = force, $A$ = area. * Types of stress:   1. **Normal stress ($\sigma_n$)**...

Structure and Origin of the Alpine–Himalayan Belt and Evolution of the Indo–Gangetic Basin 1. Structure and Origin of the Alpine–Himalayan Belt** ### **Origin** * The **Alpine–Himalayan Belt** is the world’s...

Concept of Continental Drift, Sea-floor Spreading and Theory of Plate Tectonics 1. Continental Drift (Proposed by Alfred Wegener, 1912) * The **Continental Drift Hypothesis** states that continents were once joined together in a single...

Concept of Orogeny Orogeny refers to the large-scale structural deformation of the Earth’s lithosphere leading to the formation of mountains. The term is derived from the Greek words *oros* (mountain) and *genesis* (origin). Orogenic...

🌋 Magma Nature of Magma Magma is a molten or partially molten, naturally occurring silicate material beneath the Earth’s surface. It consists of: Liquid phase → molten silicate melt. Solid phase → crystals of early-formed...