Solids
Solids are the chemical substances which are characterised by define shape and volume, rigidity, high density, low compressibility. The constituent particles (atoms, molecules or ions) are closely packed and held together by strong...
Introduction
The branch of chemistry which deals with the identification of constituents of a substance and calculation of their amounts is called analytical chemistry.
Branches of Analytical Chemistry
The branches of analytical chemistry...
The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of composition of atomic nucleus, nuclear forces, nuclear reactions and radioactive materials, is called nuclear chemistry.
Nucleons and Nuclear Forces
Protons and neutrons which reside in the...
Hydrocarbons are the organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only, e.g., alkane, alkene and alkynes.
Classification of Hydrocarbons
Alkanes
Alkanes are saturated, open chain hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon single bonds....
Organic compounds extracted from a natural source or synthesized in the laboratory requires purification. Various methods are used for the purification and are based on the nature of the compound and the impurity present in it. The purity of a...
Environmental chemistry is the branch of chemistry which is concerned with the chemical phenomenon occurring in the environment.
Classification of Environment
1.Atmosphere
Atmosphere is Ii gaseous mixture of air that surrounds the earth....
In p-block elements, the last electron enters in the outermost p-orbital .. There are six groups of p-block elements in the Periodic Table, numbering from 13 to 18. Their valence shell electronic configuration is ns2np1 – 6 (except...
In the s-block elements the last electron enters in the s-orbital.
As the s-orbital can accommodate only two electrons, two groups (1 and 2) belong to the s-block,
The general electronic configuration of s-block elements is nsl or...
It was discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1766 by the action of dilute H2O4 on iron. It was named ‘inflammable air’, Lavoisier gave it the name hydrogen (Creek: Hydra = water, gennas = producer]. It occurs in free state as well as in...
A colloid is a heterogeneous system in which one substance is dispersed (disperse phase) as very fine particles in another substance called dispersion medium. The study of the colloidal state of matter was started by Thomas...
Chemical reactions which involves both oxidation as well as reduction process simultaneously, are known as redox reactions (‘red’) from reduction and ‘ox’ from oxidation). All these reactions are always accompanied by energy...
The equilibrium established between the unionised molecules and the ions in the solution of weak electrolytes is called ionic equilibrium.
e.g.,
CH3 COOH ⇔ CH3COO– + H–
Electrolytes
Chemrcal...
Physical and Chemical Processes
Physical processes involve such changes, which only affects the physical properties of the substance undergoing changes but have no effect on the chemical composition and properties.
Chemical processes involve...
The branch of science which deals with the quantitative relationship between heat and other forms of energies is called thermodynamics.
Some Important Terms Related to Thermodynamics
(i) System It refers to the part of universe in...
Chemical Bond
It is defined as the attractive forces which hold the various chemical constituents (atoms, ions, etc.) together in different chemical species.
Bond forms to get the stability. with a release of energy.
Kossel-Lewis Approach...
Hitherto five states of matter are known, viz, solid, liquid, gas, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. Out of these solid, liquid and gas are commonly found while remaining two are found only under specific
conditions.
Interconversion of States...
Classification of Elements
With the discovery of a large number of elements, it became difficult to study the elements individually, so classification of elements was done to make the study easier.
Earlier Attempts to Classify Elements
Many...
Atom
John Dalton proposed (in 1808) that atom is the smallest indivisible particle of matter. Atomic radii are of the order of 10-8cm. It contain three subatomic particles namely electrons, protons and neutrons,
Electron
Electron was...
Chemistry
It is the branch of science which deals with the composition, structure and properties of matter.
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier is called the father of chemistry.
Branches of Chemistry
In addition to these biochemistry, war...