Organic compounds extracted from a natural source or synthesized in the laboratory requires purification. Various methods are used for the purification and are based on the nature of the compound and the impurity present in it. The purity of a...

Environmental chemistry is the branch of chemistry which is concerned with the chemical phenomenon occurring in the environment. Classification of Environment 1.Atmosphere Atmosphere is Ii gaseous mixture of air that surrounds the earth....

In p-block elements, the last electron enters in the outermost p-orbital .. There are six groups of p-block elements in the Periodic Table, numbering from 13 to 18. Their valence shell electronic configuration is ns2np1 – 6 (except...

In the s-block elements the last electron enters in the s-orbital. As the s-orbital can accommodate only two electrons, two groups (1 and 2) belong to the s-block, The general electronic configuration of s-block elements is nsl or...

It was discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1766 by the action of dilute H2O4 on iron. It was named ‘inflammable air’, Lavoisier gave it the name hydrogen (Creek: Hydra = water, gennas = producer]. It occurs in free state as well as in...

A colloid is a heterogeneous system in which one substance is dispersed (disperse phase) as very fine particles in another substance called dispersion medium. The study of the colloidal state of matter was started by Thomas...

Chemical reactions which involves both oxidation as well as reduction process simultaneously, are known as redox reactions (‘red’) from reduction and ‘ox’ from oxidation). All these reactions are always accompanied by energy...

The equilibrium established between the unionised molecules and the ions in the solution of weak electrolytes is called ionic equilibrium. e.g., CH3 COOH ⇔ CH3COO– + H– Electrolytes Chemrcal...

Physical and Chemical Processes Physical processes involve such changes, which only affects the physical properties of the substance undergoing changes but have no effect on the chemical composition and properties. Chemical processes involve...

The branch of science which deals with the quantitative relationship between heat and other forms of energies is called thermodynamics. Some Important Terms Related to Thermodynamics (i) System It refers to the part of universe in...