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Magmatic Evolution and Differentiation: Fractional...on** * The process b...lization, and interacti...Leads to the **formati...on** * Th...o magmas (and rocks) of...d magma** and therefore can...n certain elements....n Series**:   *...nts** or other...i, Na, K, and volatiles. 3....num-group elements). * Impo...

Magma – Nature,...mposition and Generat...Magma is the parent ma...100–1200 °C)...sp;* Rocks: basalt, gab...o 2. **Andesitic Ma...viscosity and temperatu...sp;* Rocks: andesite, d...# **Major Elements**...# **Minor Elements**...xample: Mid-oce...les lower the melting point...;* Example: Subduction zones...

Concept of Stress and Strain...Stress is the **force p...* Formula: sigma...of stress:   1...Stress is the cause, and strain is...Strain is th...of strain:   1...pses (2D) and ellipsoid...* Axes of the strain ellipse:   *...n of pure and simple sh...ar-shaped):*...ds** * They...ps understand regi...

Structure and Origin of the Alpine&nd...ayan Belt and Evolution of the Indo&ndas...Structure and Origin of the Alpine&nd...km** from the **Atlanti...s Ocean** and subseque...tes**. * The **Africa...hrusting, and uplift....ic zones**: 1. **The...m (Europe):** Alps, Car...* **Fold-and-thrust belt...* marking the closure o...

...Spreading and Theory of Pla...egener, 1912) * The **Contine...oined together in a sin...into two landmasses &nd...which further drifted...ntal Drift:** &nbsp...in Africa and South Am...Limitation:** Wegener c...t explain the driving m...ed at **mid-oceanic rid...ust away, and is eventu...side of mid-ocean ridge...loat over th...