Hydrogeology: The Study of Grou...on, movement, and pr...y, hydrology, physics, chemistry, and engineeri...s, fractures, and voids wit...tain both air and water....AAA = Cross-sectional ar...water through its pores or...ater Recharge and Dischar...: Pump-and-tre...

Elementary Idea of Gro...spaces of soil and rock bene...ion of pressure and elevation...that can store and transmit...s the direction and rate of g...;kAΔhLQ = -kA \frac{\De...er. AAA: Cross-se...is homogeneous and isotrop...;kAΔhLQ = -kA \fra...

Groundwater Resource...es due to its geo...rtile Indo-Gange...water demands for agri...stic use, and industry....from over-extraction,...a, Kosi, Gandak, and Ba...rrigation and urban wat...vial deposits and river...ube wells and hand pump...Over-Exploitation...ue to over-extraction...vital for its agri...

Geological Consider...tion of Dams and Tunnels...The success and stability...ter pressure and ensure lo.... Strength and Stability...instability and should be...d. Reservoir-Induced Seis...ions with pre-existing fau...s must withstand...In high-stress env..., stability, and long...

The water table and the piezometric surface are...logy to describe groundwater and how it be...saturation, where the pores and...with seasons, precipitation, and human a...lications: Designing and mana...

The Principles of Engineering G...ndation of understanding how ge...nning, designing, and construct...les: 1. Understanding Earth...Faults, Folds, and Joints: T...cs, permeability, and...sical Methods: Non-invasive t...s critical in long-term pl...

Vertical Distribution of Subsurfa...of water saturation and its interaction with soil and rock. The...Earth's surface and above the...nutrients. Sub-divisions:...the soil water zone and capilla...cial for ecological and agri...

Origin and Types...fractures, and rock f...us sources and is classi...s based on its origin an...ric water, and vadose wa...ies or deep-seated geolo...als due to its interacti...gma or deep-seated rocks...ter bodies and is isolat...ion due to its high sali...rs, lakes, and melting...re, mineral-rich, n...

Permeability Permeab...uids through its int...nt, or soil, and is...easured in units like darc...must be well-connected....ke viscosity and density....ity than fine-grained mate...Fractures and Cracks:...otherwise low-permeability...m/s). Silt and Clay: V...AAA = Cross-section...

Porosity is the measure of the void s...volume of the material and determine...dated materials (e.g., sands) and ves.... Example: Fractures and...Sorting: Well-sorted mat...breaking down minerals and crea...