Concept of Continental Drift, Sea-floor Spreading and Theory of Plate Tectonics 1. Continental Drift (Proposed by Alfred Wegener, 1912) * The **Continental Drift Hypothesis** states that continents were once joined together in a single...

Concept of Orogeny Orogeny refers to the large-scale structural deformation of the Earth’s lithosphere leading to the formation of mountains. The term is derived from the Greek words *oros* (mountain) and *genesis* (origin). Orogenic...

🌋 Magma Nature of Magma Magma is a molten or partially molten, naturally occurring silicate material beneath the Earth’s surface. It consists of: Liquid phase → molten silicate melt. Solid phase → crystals of early-formed...