Hydrogeology: The Study of Groundwater...movement, and properties of groundwater...uitards), groundwater is under...AA = Cross-sectional area (m&su...Distance of flow (m) 3....determine groundwater storage a...thickness of aquifer)....6. Groundwater Contaminat...Pump-and-treat systems....

Elementary Idea of Groundwater Flow Groundwater f...re spaces of soil and rock beneat...mbination of pressure and elevatio...direction and rate of groundwater flow....lta;hLQ = -kA \frac{\Delta h}{L...AAA: Cross-sectional area perpe...sumptions of Darcy's Law...basis for hydrogeology and envir...

Groundwater Resources of Bihar B...s rich in groundwater r...from over-extraction,...Features of Groundwater...a, Kosi, Gandak, and Bagmati....d limited groundwater availabil...at depths of 5–50 meters....rrigation and urban water suppl...Estimated Groundwater Resources...tion as % of Availability): ~45...

Geological Consideratio...struction of Dams and Tunnels...e success and stability of dams and t...pressure and ensure lo...Strength and Stability...stability and should b...ientation of rock laye...s with pre-existing fa...tion with groundwater can affec...ust withstand excavation and op...tability, and long-term function...

The water table and the piezom...ts used in hydrogeology...o describe groundwater and h...breakdown of each term...er surface of the zone...the pores and fracture...The level of the water...ipitation, and human activities...Designing and managing artesian...Assessing g...Influence of Pumping Directl...

The Principles of Engineerin...oundation of understanding how ge...esigning, and construct...als Types of Rocks: Class.... 5. Hydrogeology Groundwater...eability, and water table varia...Aquifers: Types, characteristic...surface profiles. Geophysical...al in long-term planning. B...

Vertical Distribution of Subsurface...he degree of water saturation and its inter...the zone of aeration...s surface and above th.... Sub-divisions:...ater zone and capillar...2. Zone of Saturatio...is called groundwater. The up...prings. Groundwater moves slo...Zone of Aeration...cological and agricult...

Origin and Types of Groundwater Groundwater i...distinct types based on its origin and loca...The major types of groundwater...ma or deep-seated rock...cantly to groundwater reserves....Water Origin: Connate wate...the pores of sedimentary rocks...er bodies and is isolated from...Water Origin: Meteoric wat...

...e measure of a material...or soil, and is typica...st be well-connected....viscosity and density....alignment of flow pathway...than fine-grained mat...Fractures and Cracks:...erwise low-permeabilit...Presence of Impermeab...Types of Permeability...). Silt and Clay: V...etermines groundwater flow and a...

Porosity is the measure of the void s...ercentage of the total...material and determine...capacity of the materi...r gas. Types of Porosi...: Original porosi...s (e.g., sands) and ve...Fractures and joints i...g., sand) often have h...Well-sorted mate...minerals and creatin...ameter in hydrogeology, petroleu...