Recombinant DNA technology enables scientists to transfer specific genes from one organism to another, even if they are unrelated species. This is possible because the genetic code is universal.

1️⃣ Across different species of plants ✔

• Genes can be transferred from one plant species to another.

• Example: Pest-resistant genes introduced into crops like cotton.

2️⃣ From animals to plants ✔

• Genes from animals can be inserted into plants.

• Since the genetic code is universal, plant cells can express animal genes if properly engineered.

3️⃣ From microorganisms to higher organisms ✔

• This is very common in biotechnology.

• Example: Bt cotton contains a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis to resist insects.

• Human insulin is produced using bacteria through recombinant DNA technology.